Cross price elasticity of demand
%DQD of good A/%DP of good B
Cross price elasticity of demand (XED): the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the changes in price of a different good.
Cross price elasticity of demand (XED): the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the changes in price of a different good.
Allows us to compare the degree of which two
goods are either substitutes or complements to each other.
When XED is
negative, goods A and B are complements.
XED < -1,
close complements. A small fall in the price of A causes a large rise in
demand for B. (e.g. iPhones and iOS
apps)
Producers with close complementary goods may
control the prices of one good to increase the revenue of the other.
XED between -1
and 0, weak complements. A large drop in the price of A causes only a small
rise in the demand for B. (e.g. tea and sugar)
When XED is
positive, goods A and B are substitutes.
XED > 0,
weak substitutes, large rise in the price of A causes only a small rise in
demand for B. (e.g. apples and pears)
XED > 1,
close substitutes, small rise in the price of A causes large rise in demand
for B. (e.g iPhones and Samsung phones)
Producers with these goods may engage in price wars
and follow each other’s price cuts.
Inelastic
goods are weak substitutes/complements and elastic goods are close
substitutes/complements.
Producers of substitutes may look to differentiate their products from other
substitutes, and make their substitute seem different. They may do this by
changing the
> Quality (e.g. Tesco’s Finest/’organic’)
> Branding
> Bundling with extras
> Advertising
They may also attempt to merge/takeover a substitute, by buying a
competing company. (e.g. Facebook purchasing Instagram)
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